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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 12:25 am
Time: 12:25 am
Results for social cohesion
4 results foundAuthor: Maxwell, Christopher D. Title: Collective Efficacy and Criminal Behavior in Chicago, 1995-2004 Summary: This study reproduces and extends the analyses about the neighborhood-level effects of collective efficacy on criminal behavior originally reported by Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls in a 1997 Science article entitled ―Neighborhood and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.‖ Based on a 1995 citywide community survey of 8,782 residents in 343 neighborhood clusters conducted as part of the NIJ-sponsored Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, they reported that collective efficacy directly affects perceived neighborhood violence, household victimization, and official homicide rates (Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls 1997). They also reported that collective efficacy moderates the relationship of residential stability and disadvantage with each measure of violence. This study uses Earls, Brooks-Gunn, Raudenbush, and Sampson’s (Earls et al. 1997) archived community survey database, archived U.S. Census summary data (United States Department of Commerce 1993) and Block and Block’s (2005) archived Homicides in Chicago, 1965-1995 study to assess the extent to which Sampson, et al.’s (1997) reported results can be reproduced by using measures and statistical methods specified by Sampson, et al. (1997) and Morenoff, et al. (2001). We then extend the analyses conducted by Sampson, et al. (1997) by adding ten additional years of more detailed crime data in statistical models that address temporal and spatial correlation and multicollinearity. Our findings reproduce the direction and statistical significance of all the key theoretical results reported by Sampson, et al. (1997). In addition, our extension of their analyses finds a direct connection between collective efficacy and rates of homicide and rape from 1995 through 2004. However, we did not find that collective efficacy is negatively related to officially recorded measures of robbery and assaults in 1995, nor is collective efficacy related to most property crimes during any period covered by our study. These latter findings suggest some of the limits to the influence of collective efficacy on crime. Future research should seek to determine the extent to which these limits are valid or due to issues of measurement or to methodological considerations. Details: Shepherdstown, WV: Joint Center for Justice Studies, Inc., 2011. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2011 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/235154.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/235154.pdf Shelf Number: 123084 Keywords: Collective Efficacy (Chicago)Neighborhoods and CrimeSocial CohesionViolent Crime |
Author: Bradford, Ben Title: Different Things to Different People? The Meaning and Measurement of Trust and Confidence in Policing Across Diverse Social Groups in London Summary: One of the first actions of the new Home Secretary was to scrap public confidence as the single performance indicator of policing in England and Wales. But public trust and confidence will remain important to policing policy and practice. Trust and confidence can (a) encourage active citizen participation in priority setting and the running of local services, (b) make public bodies more locally accountable and responsive, and (c) secure public cooperation with the police and compliance with the law. Analysing survey data from London we find that overall 'public confidence' condenses a range of complex and inter-related judgements concerning the trustworthiness of the police. This is the case across different population groups and those with different experiences of crime and policing. Even recent victims and those worried about crime seem to place less priority on police effectiveness compared to police fairness and community alignment when responding to summary confidence questions. We argue that confidence summarises a motive-based trust that is rooted in procedural fairness and a social alignment between the police and the community. This social alignment is founded upon public assessments of the ability of the police to be a 'civic guardian' who secures public respect and embodies community values (Loader & Mulcahy, 2003). By demonstrating their trustworthiness to the public, the police can strengthen their social connection with citizens, and thus encourage more active civic engagement in domains of security and policing. Details: Unpublished, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1628546 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.1628546 Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1628546 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.1628546 Shelf Number: 123854 Keywords: Collective EfficacyFear of CrimeNeighborhood DisorderPolice-Community RelationsSocial Cohesion |
Author: Uchida, Craig D. Title: Neighborhoods and Crime: Collective Efficacy and Social Cohesion in Miami-Dade County Summary: While substantial research on collective efficacy and the role it plays in protecting vulnerable communities against crime continues to accumulate (see Pratt & Cullen, 2005), there remain several important gaps in research in this area. For example, an important finding for this research was the clear distinction between collective efficacy and social cohesion. The size of the group domain for social cohesion suggested that this dimension is substantively different from collective efficacy and is important in understanding neighborhood social functioning. Thus, we focus on these two areas of social functioning. The current project was jointly funded by the National Institute of Justice and The Children's Trust of Miami-Dade County to address some of these existing gaps in the understanding about collective efficacy. Specifically, the research presented in this report covers five main questions that remain largely unaddressed in the current research on collective efficacy and crime: 1. What are the psychometric properties of the most popular measure of perceptions of collective efficacy (the Sampson et al., 1997 scale)? Is this measure appropriate and well-constructed and is it being modeled correctly in extant research on collective efficacy? 2. At the level of individual perceptions, what are the important relationships between perceptions of collective efficacy and related constructs like social cohesion and other important perceptual outcomes, such as perceptions of incivilities, satisfaction with the police, and fear of crime? 3. Do the relationships between perceptions of collective efficacy, social cohesion, and related constructs and other key variables vary between neighborhoods? In other words, is there heterogeneity in the impact of perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion in different social contexts? If so, how does the impact of perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion vary and what are potential explanations for this heterogeneity? 4. What variables predict perceptions of collective efficacy, social cohesion, and related constructs? Do a person's activities within the neighborhood influence the degree to which they perceive it to function properly? 5. Is there local variability in collective efficacy, social cohesion, and other related constructs within neighborhoods? What strategies are available for modeling this variability? This study is intended to serve as an assessment of these complex, unresolved issues in the understanding of collective efficacy and social cohesion. We used in-person community survey data collected from a sample of 1,227 respondents located across eight neighborhoods in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The study location represents an ethnically- and economically-diverse group of neighborhoods and survey respondents. The study design also included systematic social observations (SSOs) of street segments in each of the eight study neighborhoods (see Sampson & Raudenbush, 1999). In total, 235 street segments across the eight neighborhoods were coded, with an average of approximately 29 per neighborhood or approximately 20 percent of the total number of face block segments in each neighborhood. Details: Silver Spring, MD: Justice & Security Srategies, Inc., 2013. 214p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 30, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/245406.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/245406.pdf Shelf Number: 132848 Keywords: Collective EfficacyNeighborhoods and Crime (Florida)Social CohesionUrban Areas |
Author: Aqil, Nauman Title: Residents' perceptions of neighborhood violence and communal responses: the case of two neighborhoods in Lahore, Pakistan Summary: The preponderance of violence in metropolises has been a persistent concern for successive governments in Pakistan. However, it is pertinent to remark that there are often significant variations in the occurrence of violence between physically and socially similar neighborhoods in a single city. I set out to study one more violent and one less violent neighborhood in Lahore, Pakistan, to try to understand how community organizations, physical characteristics and the residents' strategies for crime prevention and control are related to different levels of criminal violence. A qualitative approach was used (in-depth interviews were conducted with community residents in each neighborhood). I found that spatial dynamics, population heterogeneity, and a lack of social cohesion were important predictors of criminal violence. It was noted that patterns of social interaction among neighbors have undergone significant change over the past few decades. In addition, local strategies of informal social control were limited to random vigilance, settlement of sporadic disputes within community settings, and surveillance of children's activities. I concluded that indigenous means of informal social control can help prevent, or at least control, criminal violence in neighborhoods Details: Beilefeld, Germany: Universitat Bielefeld, 2015. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Violence Research and Development Project, Papers, no. 1: Accessed June 11, 2016 at: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/icvr/docs/aqil.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/icvr/docs/aqil.pdf Shelf Number: 139374 Keywords: Communities and CrimeNeighborhoods and CrimeSocial CohesionUrban CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |